Cognitive theories of time perception
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2025.103Abstract
The problem of time perception in psychology and cognitive science has occupied the minds of scientists since the beginning of the last century. At first, the perception of time was considered primarily as a physiological process caused by metabolism and the work of the so-called "biological clock". In the future, however, the focus of consideration shifted to cognitive theories, the first of which was the well-known theory of the amount of information by R. Ornstein. However, if this theory, along with cognitive attentional theory, is familiar to the Russian-speaking scientific community, then a number of other, more modern models are undeservedly ignored. Accordingly, any development of this field of knowledge and the possibility of conducting empirical research is hindered due to the lack of a topic of time perception in the domestic psychological discourse. In this scientific article, for the first time in Russian, we review all the key cognitive theories and models of time perception. We distinguish 2 groups of such theories: the theory of retrospective and prospective assessment. Among the theories of retrospective assessment, the following are presented for discussion: the theory of the amount of information, the model of contextual changes, the segmentation model and the most recently introduced metacognitive model, and among the theories of prospective assessment are pacemaker theory, scalar expectation theory, oscillator and multiple oscillator models, as well as the attention gate model. In conclusion, our review discusses the differences between the theoretical positions underlying these models, the boundaries and conditions of their applicability. The ways in which further development of the field of studying the mechanisms of time perception can be advanced in order to build an integrated theory of time perception that combines neurophysiological mechanisms, cognitive processes and behavioral manifestations are also discussed. The high practical importance of time perception research is also noted. This article is addressed to a wide range of readers, but it will be of interest, first of all, to specialists in the field of cognitive science.
Keywords:
time perception, subjective time, cognitive psychology, retrospective time estimation, prospective time estimation, attentional gate model, contextual change model, scalar expectancy theory
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Литература
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Zhang L., Li D., Liu P., Liu X., Yin H. The effect of the intensity of withdrawal-motivation emotion on time perception: Evidence based on the five temporal tasks // Motivation Science. 2024. No. 10 (2). P. 138–148.
Zhao C., Zeng Q. The effect of electrical-stimulation-induced emotion on time perception: A time-reproduction task // International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022. Vol. 19 (24). Art. No. 16984.
Zhou S., Li L., Wang F., Tian Yu. How facial attractiveness affects time perception: Increased arousal results in temporal dilation of attractive faces // Frontiers in Psychology. 2021. No. 12. Art. No. 784099.
References
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Block, R. A. (1978). Remembered duration: Effects of event and sequence complexity. Memory & Cognition, 6, 320–326. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197462
Block, R. A. (1985). Contextual coding in memory: Studies of remembered duration. In: Time, Mind, and Behavior (pp. 169–178). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70491-8_11
Block, R. A. (1989). Experiencing and remembering time: Affordances, context, and cognition. In: Advances in psychology, 59, 333–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)61046-8
Block, R. A., Gruber, R. P. (2014). Time perception, attention, and memory: a selective review. Acta Psychologica, 149, 129–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.11.003
Block, R. A., Reed, M. A. (1978). Remembered duration: Evidence for a contextual-change hypothesis. Journal of Experimental psychology: Human Learning and memory, 4 (6), 656. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.4.6.656
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Block, R. A., George, E. J., Reed, M. A. (1980). A watched pot sometimes boils: A study of duration experience. Acta Psychologica, 46 (2), 81–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(80)90001-3
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Buzsaki, G., Llinas, R. (2017). Space and time in the brain. Science, 358 (6362), 482–485. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan8869
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Hoagland, H. (1935). Pacemakers in relation to aspects of behavior. New York, Macmillan
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Kaju, A., Maglio, S. J. (2022). Yesterday’s great expectations: Metamemory and retrospective subjective duration. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 98, 104242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2021.10424
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Merchant, H., Zarco, W., Prado, L. (2008). Do we have a common mechanism for measuring time in the hundreds of millisecond range? Evidence from multiple-interval timing tasks. Journal of Neurophysiology, 99 (2), 939–949.
Mioni, G., Shelp, A., Stanfield-Wiswell, C. T., Gladhill, K. A., Bader, F., Wiener, M. (2020). Modulation of individual alpha frequency with tacs shifts time perception. Cerebral Cortex Communications, 1 (1), tgaa064.
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Paton, J. J., Buonomano, D. V. (2018). The neural basis of timing: Distributed mechanisms for diverse functions. Neuron, 98 (4), 687–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.045
Poynter, D. (1989). Judging the duration of time intervals: A process of remembering segments of experience. Advances in Psychology, 59, 305–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)61045-6
Roelofs, C. O., Zeeman, W. P. C. (1951–1952). Influence sequences of optical stimuli on the estimation of duration of a given interval of time. Acta Psychologica, 8, 89–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(51)90007-8
Sayalı, C., Uslu, E., Menceloğlu, M., Canbeyli, R., Balcı, F. (2018). Effect of acute physical activity on interval timing. Timing & Time Perception, 6 (1), 14–31. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134468-00002098
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Tehrani-Saleh, A., McAuley, J. D., Adami, C. (2024). Mechanism of duration perception in artificial brains suggests new model of attentional entrainment. Neural Computation, 36 (10), 2170–2200.
Teki, S., Grube, M., Griffiths T. D. (2012). A unified model of time perception accounts for duration-based and beat-based timing mechanisms. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 5, 90. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2011.00090
Treisman, M. (1963). Temporal discrimination and the indifference interval: Implications for a model of the “internal clock”. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 77 (13), 1. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093864
Treisman, M., Faulkner, A., Naish, P. L., Brogan, D. (1990). The internal clock: Evidence for a temporal oscillator underlying time perception with some estimates of its characteristic frequency. Perception, 19 (6), 705–742. https://doi.org/10.1068/p190705
Underwood, G., Swain, R. A. (1973). Selectivity of attention and the perception of duration. Perception, 2(1), 101–105. https://doi.org/10.1068/p020101
Visalli, A., Begliomini, C., Mioni, G. (2023). The effect of emotion intensity on time perception: a study with transcranial random noise stimulation. Experimental Brain Research, 241 (8), 2179–2190.
White, P. A. (2021). The extended present: An informational context for perception. Acta Psychologica, 220, 103403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103403
Zakay, D., Block, R. A. (1995). An attentional-gate model of prospective time estimation. Time and the Dynamic Control of Behavior, 5, 167–178.
Zhang, L., Li, D., Liu, P., Liu, X., Yin, H. (2024). The effect of the intensity of withdrawal-motivation emotion on time perception: Evidence based on the five temporal tasks. Motivation Science, 10 (2), 138–148.
Zhao, C., Zeng, Q. (2022). The effect of electrical-stimulation-induced emotion on time perception: A time-reproduction task. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19 (24), 16984.
Zhou, S., Li, L., Wang, F., Tian, Yu. (2021). How facial attractiveness affects time perception: Increased arousal results in temporal dilation of attractive faces. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 784099.
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Published
2025-05-21
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Kulieva, A., Berezner, T., Shishunova, A., & Malysheva, D. (2025). Cognitive theories of time perception. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology, 15(1), 51–65. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2025.103
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Theoretical and Methodological Problems in Psychology
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Articles of "Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology" are open access distributed under the terms of the License Agreement with Saint Petersburg State University, which permits to the authors unrestricted distribution and self-archiving free of charge.
