Контекстуальный подход к описанию характеристик темперамента дошкольника: роль образовательной среды

Авторы

  • Наталья Руднова Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова, Российская Федерация, 119991, Москва, Ленинские горы, 1 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2063-2892
  • Дмитрий Корниенко Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова, Российская Федерация, 119991, Москва, Ленинские горы, 1 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6597-264X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2023.403

Аннотация

Развитие свойств темперамента, согласно современным исследованиям, зависит не только от созревания структур нервной системы, но и от ряда параметров среды. В частности, установлено, что отношение родителей как показатель социальной среды, а также характеристики физической среды могут влиять на проявление темпераментальных особенностей ребенка. Свойства темперамента начинают играть особенно важную роль в процессе социализации, когда ребенок попадает из семейной среды в образовательную, качество которой является значимым фактором дальнейшего развития дошкольников. В связи с этим важно установить, есть ли связь между свойствами темперамента и характеристиками образовательной среды (структурными и процессуальными). Согласно проведенному анализу, большинство реализованных исследований рассматривает связи процессуальных характеристик образовательной среды с особенностями темперамента ребенка, то есть с особенностями взаимодействия и отношений между ребенком и педагогом; влияние отношения педагога к ребенку на проявление свойств темперамента; связи свойств темперамента ребенка с качеством отношений с педагогом. Структурные характеристики образовательной среды также демонстрируют связь с темпераментом ребенка, однако результаты изучения этой связи получены достаточно давно и значительно ограничены, что актуализирует вопрос о необходимости исследований в данном направлении. В обзоре обсуждаются особенности интерпретации связи темперамента с параметрами образовательной среды с учетом ее интерактивности (М.Ротбарт), критерия соответствия (А.Томас, С.Чесс), феномена выбора ниши (С.Скарр, К.Маккарти), гипотезы дифференциальной восприимчивости (Б.Эллис) и сензитивных периодов развития свойств темперамента. Обсуждаются возможности учета темперамента детей в процессе реализации образовательных программ дошкольных учреждений.

Ключевые слова:

темперамент, дошкольный возраст, структурные характеристики образовательной среды, процессуальные характеристики образовательной среды

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Опубликован

16.12.2023

Как цитировать

Руднова, Н., & Корниенко, Д. (2023). Контекстуальный подход к описанию характеристик темперамента дошкольника: роль образовательной среды. Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Психология, 13(4), 475–492. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2023.403

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Теоретико-методологические проблемы психологии